Abstract Introduction Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery is associated with a decline in ventilatory muscle strength and lung function. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) based on anaerobic threshold (AT) has been used to minimize the impact of CABG on these parameters, but the long-term impact is unknown. Objective To test the hypothesis that AT-based IMT improves inspiratory muscle strength and lung function even six months after CABG. Methods This is a randomized controlled clinical trial. In the preoperative period, maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), vital capacity (VC) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) rate were assessed. On the first postoperative day, patients were randomized into two groups: AT-based IMT (IMT-AT) (n=21) where the load was prescribed based on glycemic threshold and conventional IMT (IMT-C) (n=21), with load of 40% of MIP. Patients were trained during hospitalization until the day of discharge and were assessed at discharge and six months later. For within-group comparison, paired Student's t-test or Wilcoxon test was used, and independent Student's t-test or the Mann-Whitney test was used to analyze the different time points. A p<0.05 was considered significant. Results At six months after CABG surgery, statistical difference was found between the IMT-AT and the IMT-C groups in MIP (difference between the means of -5cmH2; 95% CI=- 8.21to-1.79) and VC (difference between the means of -2ml/kg;95%CI=-3.87to-0.13). No difference was found between groups in the other variables analyzed. Conclusion IMT-AT promoted greater recovery of inspiratory muscle strength and VC after six months of CABG when compared to conventional training.

Abstract Introduction: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is a procedure associated with a decline in pulmonary function. Among the main causes is the presence of the drain that is usually positioned in the intercostal or subxiphoid region. Objective: To measure the interference of drains positioning on pulmonary function in patients undergoing CABG. Methods: Observational study that assessed preoperative pulmonary function through vital capacity (VC), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), and peak expiratory flow (PEF). These variables were evaluated in three different moments: in the presence of two drains, when removing one, and after removing all drains. Results: We evaluated 45 patients with a mean age of 62 ± 7 years with male prevalence of 29 (64%) individuals. The insertion of drains caused a decline in pulmonary function after surgery by reducing MIP by 48%, MEP by 11%, VC by 39%, and PEF by 6%. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that drains positioning after CABG surgery may produce weakness of the respiratory muscles, change ventilatory mechanics, and impair normal pulmonary function postoperatively.

Abstract Background The European Heart Surgery Risk Assessment System (EuroSCORE) and InsCor have been used to predict complications of cardiac surgery. However, their application to predict lung function and functionality is still uncertain. Objective To correlate surgical risk scales with functional independence and pulmonary function in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods This was a prospective cohort study. In the preoperative period, the two surgical scales were applied, the maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were measured, and functionality was assessed using the functional independence measure (FIM). On the seventh postoperative day, the pulmonary function and functionality variables were reevaluated, compared with the preoperative values (delta) and correlated with the risk scales. Correlations of pulmonary function, functional independence and muscle strength variables with the surgical scales were made by Pearson correlation test. The significance level adopted was 5%. Results Thirty-one patients were studied; most were male (77%), with a mean age of 56±8 years. Mean EuroSCORE was 2.3±0.5 and mean InsCOR was 1.2±0.5. MIP, MEP, and PEF reduced 30% (p<0.001), 33% (p<0.001) and 10% (p=0.23), respectively. The EuroSCORE correlated with MIP (r-0.78; p = 0.02) and FIM (r-0.79; p <0.01), and the InsCor correlated with MIP (r-0.77), MEP (r-0.73) and MIF (r-0.89; p=0.02). Conclusion The EuroSCORE showed a strong negative correlation with MIP and FIM, while InsCor had a strong negative correlation with MIP, MEP and FIM. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Resumo Fundamento Ainda não temos informações acerca do impacto da pandemia da COVID-19 sobre a atividade médica assistencial no Brasil. Objetivo Descrever as repercussões da pandemia da COVID-19 na rotina de atendimentos em um hospital terciário, referência regional em cardiologia e oncologia. Métodos Estudo de corte transversal. Foi realizado levantamento dos atendimentos no período de 23/03/2020 (fechamento do comércio local) até 23/04/2020 (P20) e comparado com o mesmo período em 2019 (P19).Resultados: Detectamos redução no número de consultas cardiológicas, teste ergométrico, Holter, monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial, eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma (90%, 84%, 94%, 92%, 94% e 81%, respectivamente). Em relação à cirurgia cardíaca e cateterismo cardíaco, houve redução de 48% e 60%, respectivamente. Aumento no número de angioplastia transluminal coronária (33%) e de implante de marca-passo definitivo (29%). Houve 97 internamentos na UTI em P19, contra 78 em P20, redução de 20%. Diminuição dos atendimentos no pronto-socorro cardiológico (45%) e nos internamentos na enfermaria de cardiologia (36%). Houve diminuição nas consultas oncológicas de 30%. Sessões de quimioterapia reduziram de 1.944 para 1.066 (45%). Sessões de radioterapia diminuíram 19%. Conclusão A COVID-19 provocou redução considerável no número de consultas nos ambulatórios de cardiologia, oncologia e demais especialidades. Houve uma preocupante diminuição no número de cirurgias cardíacas e nas sessões de quimioterapia e radioterapia nas semanas iniciais da pandemia. A procura por atendimento no pronto-socorro cardiológico, assim como as internações na UTI e enfermaria cardiológicas, também reduziram, gerando preocupação acerca da evolução e prognóstico destes pacientes portadores de outras patologias, que não a COVID-19, nestes tempos de pandemia. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Abstract Background We still do not have information regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical care activity in Brazil. Objective To describe the repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic on the care routine of a tertiary hospital, which is a regional reference in cardiology and oncology. Methods Cross-sectional cohort study. We conducted a survey of medical visits from March 23, 2020 (when local commerce was closed) to April 23, 2020 (P20), in comparison with the same period in 2019 (P19). Results We found decreases in the number of cardiology consultations, exercise tests, Holter, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, electrocardiogram, and echocardiogram (90%, 84%, 94%, 92%, 94%, and 81%, respectively). In relation to cardiac surgery and cardiac catheterization, there were 48% and 60% decreases, respectively. There was an increase in the number of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasties (33%) and definitive pacemaker implantations (29%). There were 97 admissions to the ICU during P19, in contrast with 78 during P20, a 20% decrease. Visits to the cardiac emergency room (45%) and admissions to the cardiology ward (36%) also decreased. The decrease in oncology consultations was 30%. Chemotherapy sessions decreased from 1,944 to 1,066 (45%), and radiotherapy sessions decreased by 19%. Conclusion COVID-19 has led to a considerable decrease in the number of consultations in outpatient clinics for cardiology, oncology, and other specialties. There was a concerning decrease in the number of cardiac surgeries, chemotherapy sessions, and radiotherapy sessions during the initial weeks of the pandemic. The number of people seeking care in the cardiac emergency room and the number of admissions to the cardiology ward and ICU also decreased, generating concern regarding the evolution and prognosis of these patients with pathologies other than COVID-19 during this pandemic time. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the impact of different levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on gas exchange in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted with patients undergoing CABG surgery. Patients were randomized into three groups: Group 10, PEEP of 10 cmH2O; Group 12, PEEP of 12 cmH2O; and Group 15, PEEP of 15 cmH2O. After the randomization, all patients underwent gas analysis at three moments: (1) before lung expansion therapy (LET); (2) 30 minutes after LET; and (3) one hour after extubation. Results: Sixty-six patients were studied, of which 61.7% were men, with mean age of 64 ± 8.9 years. Patients allocated to Group 15 showed a significant improvement in gas exchange comparing pre- and post-expansion values (239±21 vs. 301±19, P<0,001) and the increase was maintained after extubation (278±26). Despite the use of high levels of PEEP, no significant hemodynamic change was evidenced. Conclusion: It is concluded that high levels of PEEP (15 cmH2O) are beneficial for the improvement of gas exchange in patients undergoing CABG.

Abstract Background: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is a type of surgery where there is a compromise in one or more coronary arteries, with the objective of restoring function to the areas that have been compromised in the heart, possibly leading to respiratory compromise and postoperative complications. The return time of the pulmonary function to the preoperative condition is still indeterminate in the literature. Objective: To describe the behavior of pulmonary function after hospital discharge in patients submitted to CABG. Methods: This is a prospective cohort study. Only patients undergoing MRI, whose lung function was evaluated preoperatively, at hospital discharge and 30 days after surgery, were evaluated. This evaluation consisted of maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and expiratory (MEP), vital capacity (VC) and expiratory flow peak (EFP). Results: A total of 30 patients were evaluated, of which 18 (60%) were males, mean age 62 ± 9 years. A reduction in lung function from preoperative time to hospital discharge was observed in all variables. There was improvement in MIP (88 ± 9 vs 109 ± 5, p < 0.001), MEP (67 ± 10 for 90 ± 8, p < 0.001) and EFP (310 ± 59 for 390 ± 32, p < 0.001), high for review. At the time of the review, no variables returned to their preoperative value: MIP (116 ± 5 for 109 ± 5, p = 0.43), MEP (111 ± 8 for 90 ± 8, p < 0.001), VC (45 ± 12 for 39 ± 7, p = 0.33) and EFP (430 ± 40 for 390 ± 32, p < 0.001). Conclusion: It is concluded that MRI surgery reduces lung function and is not reestablished after 30 days of the procedure. Being the expiratory muscular force and the peak of expiratory flow the most affected.

Resumo Fundamentos: A ventilação mecânica (VM) e a circulação extracorpórea (CEC) estão associadas a um declínio da mecânica pulmonar que pode impactar as trocas gasosas. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto da mecânica pulmonar sobre a duração da VM e trocas gasosas no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. Métodos: Estudo de coorte realizado com pacientes submetidos a cirurgia cardíaca. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a avaliação da mecânica pulmonar (complacência estática e resistência das vias aéreas) e gasometria arterial assim que admitidos à unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) e foram acompanhados até o momento da extubação e, em seguida, até a alta hospitalar. Para correlacionar as variáveis preditoras com o desfecho, foi utilizado o teste de Pearson. Valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados significativos. Resultados: O estudo incluiu 50 pacientes (46 mulheres, 52%), com idade média de 57,5 ± 13,5 anos. A duração da VM foi de 7,7 ± 3,0 horas, a complacência estática foi de 35,5 ± 9,1 cm H2O, a resistência foi de 6,0 ± 2,3 cm H2O, a duração média de estadia na UTI foi de 2,9 ± 1,1 dias e o índice de oxigenação foi de 228,0 ± 33,4 mmHg. Não houve uma correlação significativa entre a duração da VM e a complacência estática (p = 0,73), porém houve uma forte correlação entre a complacência estática e as trocas gasosas (r = 0,8, p < 0,001). Conclusão: A mecânica pulmonar apresenta forte correlação com as trocas gasosas e fraca correlação com a duração da VM no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca.

Abstract Background: Mechanical ventilation (MV) and extracorporeal circulation (ECC) are associated with a decline in pulmonary mechanics that may affect gas exchange. Objective: To evaluate the impact of pulmonary mechanics on MV duration and gas exchange in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. Methods: This was a cohort study in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. All patients underwent evaluation of pulmonary mechanics (static compliance and airway resistance) and arterial blood gas analysis upon admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and were followed up until extubation and hospital discharge. Results: The study included 50 patients (46 women, 52%) with a mean age of 57.5 ± 13.5 years. The MV duration was 7.7 ± 3.0 hours, static compliance was 35.5 ± 9.1 cm H2O, resistance was 6.0 ± 2.3 cm H2O, mean length of ICU stay was 2.9 ± 1.1 days, and oxygenation index was 228.0 ± 33.4 mmHg. No significant correlation was found between MV duration and static compliance (p = 0.73), but a strong correlation was found between static compliance and gas exchange (r = 0.8 and p < 0.001). Conclusion: Pulmonary mechanics have a strong correlation with gas exchange and a weak correlation with MV duration after cardiac surgery.

Abstract Introduction: During and after coronary artery bypass grafting, a decline in multifactor lung function is observed. Due to this fact, some patients may benefit from non-invasive ventilation after extubation targeting lung expansion and consequently improved oxygenation. Objective: To test the hypothesis that higher levels of positive end expiration pressure during non-invasive ventilation improves oxygenation in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted at Instituto Nobre de Cardiologia in Feira de Santana. On the first day after surgery, the patients were randomized: Group PEEP 10, Group PEEP 12 and Group PEEP 15 who underwent non-invasive ventilation with positive end expiration pressure level. All patients were submitted to analysis blood pressure oxygen (PaO2), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2). Results: Thirty patients were analyzed, 10 in each group, with 63.3% men with a mean age of 61.1±12.2 years. Mean pulmonary expansion pre-therapy PaO2 was generally 121.9±21.6 to 136.1±17.6 without statistical significance in the evaluation among the groups. This was also present in PaO2/FiO2 and SaO2. Statistical significance was only present in pre and post PEEP 15 when assessing the PaO2 and SaO2 (P=0.02). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, non-invasive ventilation with PEEP 15 represented an improvement in oxygenation levels of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.

Resumo Fundamento: As doenças cardiovasculares têm aumentado em todo o mundo nas últimas décadas devido ao aumento na ocorrência de fatores desencadeantes. No período pós-operatório de cirurgia cardiovascular, os pacientes experimentam um declínio funcional, que pode ser potencializado pelo tempo de internação hospitalar. Portanto, é importante avaliar a capacidade funcional destes pacientes. Objetivo: Comparar o tempo de internação hospitalar com a velocidade da marcha em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. Método: Estudo de coorte prospectivo, realizado no Instituto Nobre de Cardiologia (Incardio) da Santa Casa de Misericórdia (Feira de Santana, Bahia). Na alta hospitalar, todos os pacientes foram avaliados com o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6). O tempo de internação hospitalar no período pós-operatório foi também registrado no momento da avaliação e correlacionado com a velocidade da marcha. Utilizamos o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para avaliar a suposição de normalidade e a correlação de Spearman para correlacionar a velocidade da marcha com a idade, tempo de hospitalização e com a duração da circulação extracorpórea (CEC) e da ventilação mecânica invasiva (VMI). Todas as conclusões foram baseadas em um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Ao todo, 64 pacientes foram incluídos (33 homens [51,5%], idade média 57,2 ± 14,06 anos). A distância média percorrida pelos pacientes foi de 375,8 ± 197,6 metros, a média da velocidade da marcha foi de 0,98 ± 0,53 m/s e a média de permanência hospitalar foi de 8,2 ± 2,3 dias. Foi observada uma fraca correlação entre o tempo de internação hospitalar e a velocidade da marcha (r = 0,27 e p = 0,02). Conclusão: A duração da hospitalização mostrou uma fraca correlação com a velocidade da marcha na alta hospitalar em uma amostra de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. Registro do estudo: Registrado no CAAE (41151214.5.0000.5654) em 26 de junho de 2015.

Abstract Background: Cardiovascular diseases have been increasing worldwide in recent decades due to the increased occurrence of triggering factors. In the postoperative period of cardiovascular surgery, patients experience a functional decline, which may be potentiated by the length of hospital stay. Therefore, it is important to evaluate these patients' functional capacity. Objective: To compare the length of hospital stay with the gait speed in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Method: Prospective, cohort study carried out at the Instituto Nobre de Cardiologia (Incardio) at Santa Casa de Misericórdia (Feira de Santana, Bahia). Upon discharge, all patients were evaluated with the 6-minute walk test (6MWT). The length of hospital stay in the postoperative period was also recorded at the same time and correlate with the gait speed. We used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to evaluate the assumption of normality, and Spearman's correlation to correlate the gait velocity with age, length of hospital stay, and duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). All conclusions were based on a significance level of 5%. Results: In all, 64 patients were included (33 males [51.5%], mean age 57.2 ± 14.06 years). The mean distance walked by the patients was 375.8 ± 197.6 meters, the mean gait speed was 0.98 ± 0.53 m/s, and the mean hospital stay was 8.2 ± 2.3 days. A weak correlation was observed between the length of hospital stay and gait speed (r = 0.27 and p = 0.02). Conclusion: The length of hospital stay correlated weakly with the gait speed upon hospital discharge in a sample of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Trial registration: Registered at CAAE (41151214.5.0000.5654) on June 26, 2015.

Abstract Introduction: Cardiac surgery is a highly complex procedure which generates worsening of lung function and decreased inspiratory muscle strength. The inspiratory muscle training becomes effective for muscle strengthening and can improve functional capacity. Objective: To investigate the effect of inspiratory muscle training on functional capacity submaximal and inspiratory muscle strength in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods: This is a clinical randomized controlled trial with patients undergoing cardiac surgery at Instituto Nobre de Cardiologia. Patients were divided into two groups: control group and training. Preoperatively, were assessed the maximum inspiratory pressure and the distance covered in a 6-minute walk test. From the third postoperative day, the control group was managed according to the routine of the unit while the training group underwent daily protocol of respiratory muscle training until the day of discharge. Results: 50 patients, 27 (54%) males were included, with a mean age of 56.7±13.9 years. After the analysis, the training group had significant increase in maximum inspiratory pressure (69.5±14.9 vs. 83.1±19.1 cmH2O, P=0.0073) and 6-minute walk test (422.4±102.8 vs. 502.4±112.8 m, P=0.0031). Conclusion: We conclude that inspiratory muscle training was effective in improving functional capacity submaximal and inspiratory muscle strength in this sample of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

INTRODUÇÃO: A cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (RM) sem circulação extracorpórea (CEC) é uma técnica amplamente utilizada. A fluxometria coronariana é a técnica mais usada para avaliação dos enxertos, porém, poucos estudos comparam os dados fluxométricos na RM com e sem CEC. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as variáveis fluxométricas dos enxertos de artéria torácica interna esquerda para a artéria descendente anterior em pacientes submetidos à RM com e sem CEC. MÉTODOS: Entre março e setembro de 2010, foram analisados retrospectivamente 35 pacientes consecutivos, não randomizados, submetidos à RM. Foram alocados 10 pacientes no grupo A (com CEC) e 25 no grupo B (sem CEC). O fluxo médio do enxerto (FME), o índice pulsátil (PI) e a porcentagem de enchimento diastólico (ED) foram obtidos por meio da fluxometria por tempo de trânsito. Foi utilizado o teste exato de Fisher e Mann-Whitney, sendo considerado estatisticamente significante P<0,05. RESULTADOS: Não houve óbito, infarto agudo do miocárdio ou necessidade de angioplastia em 30 dias de pós-operatório. O número médio de anastomoses distais foi 2,3 ± 0,8 por paciente no grupo sem CEC, e de 2,2 ± 0,6 no grupo com CEC (P=0,10). A mediana do fluxo médio do enxerto foi 23 ml/min, no grupo A, e 25 ml/min, no grupo B (P=0,34). A percentagem de enchimento diastólico foi 56%, no grupo A, e 59,5%, no grupo B (P=0,86). O índice pulsátil foi 2,3, no grupo A, e 2,2, no grupo B (P=0,82). CONCLUSÃO: Não houve diferença nos parâmetros fluxométricos (FME, ED e PI) encontrados nos pacientes submetidos à revascularização do miocárdio com e sem CEC.

BACKGROUND: Off-pump coronary bypass grafting (OPCAB) has become a widely used technique. Coronary flowmetry is the most common method employed to assess graft patency, nevertheless, few studies compare flow patterns between ONCAB and OPCAB surgery. The objective of this study was to compare flowmetry data in left internal mammary artery grafts bypasses to the left anterior descendent artery. METHODS: From March to September of 2010, thirtyfive consecutive, non-randomized patients underwent CABG and were retrospectively evaluated. Ten patients were located on group A (On Pump), and twenty-five on group B (Off Pump). The mean graft flow (MGF), pulsatile index (PI) and diastolic filling (DF) were obtained using Transit Time Flowmetry (TTFM). The Fisher exact test, and Mann Whitney test were used, and a P value of < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. RESULTS: There were no deaths, AMI, re-interventions or PTCA in a 30-day period. The number of bypasses performed per patient was 2.3 ± 0.8 in the OPCAB group, and 2.2 ± 0.6 in the ONCAB group, with no significant difference (P=0.10). The median of mean flow was 23 ml/min on group A, and 25 ml/min on group B (P=0.34). Diastolic filling percentage was 56% on group A, and 56.9% on group B (P=0.86). Pulsatile Index was 2.3 on group A, and 2.2 on group B (P=0.82). CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference between TTFM values (MF, PI and DF) in patients operated with or without cardiopulmonary bypass.